Opsin evolution: update blog: Difference between revisions

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This cluster of web articles on opsin evolution is updated almost daily. Because those changes are scattered across various long articles, this simple directory of articles and blog of significant changes may be helpful.
This large collection of opsin evolution articles is updated almost daily. To locate changes, consult the article directory and update blog below.


* [http://genomewiki.ucsc.edu/index.php/Opsin_evolution Introduction to the opsin classifier and curated sequence collection]
* [[Opsin_evolution|Opsin classification tool and curated sequence collection]]
* [http://genomewiki.ucsc.edu/index.php/Opsin_evolution:_key_critters Key critters: species with genome projects and their photoreceptors]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_orgins_of_opsins|Opsin origins]]
* [http://genomewiki.ucsc.edu/index.php/Opsin_evolution:_ancestral_introns Ancestral intron reconstruction for ciliary opsins]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_(deuterostomes)|Key critters with genomics: deuterostomes]]
* [http://genomewiki.ucsc.edu/index.php/Opsin_evolution:_informative_indels Ancestral status of informative coding indels]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28ecdysozoa%29|Key critters with genomics: ecdysozoa]]
* [http://genomewiki.ucsc.edu/index.php/Opsin_evolution:_ancestral_sequences Ancestral sequence reconstruction for ciliary opsins]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28lophotrochozoa%29|Key critters with genomics: lophotrochozoa]]
* [http://genomewiki.ucsc.edu/index.php/Opsin_evolution:_RGR_phyloSNPs Major moves in RGR opsin evolution]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_(cnidaria)|Key critters with genomics: cnidaria and porifera]]
* [http://genomewiki.ucsc.edu/index.php/Opsin_evolution:_Peropsin_phyloSNPs Recent phyloSNPs (synapomorphies) in persopsin evolution]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_alignment|230 opsins aligned: consensus-colored image and motif searchable text]]
* [http://genomewiki.ucsc.edu/index.php/Opsin_evolution:_Neuropsin_phyloSNPs Neuropsin comparative genomics of 52 deuterostomes]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_ancestral_introns|Ancestral intron reconstruction for ciliary opsins]]
* [http://genomewiki.ucsc.edu/index.php/Opsin_evolution:_alignment 230 opsins aligned: consensus-colored image and motif searchable text]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_informative_indels|Ancestral status of informative coding indels]]
* [http://genomewiki.ucsc.edu/index.php/Opsin_evolution:_annotation_tricks Annotation tricks: genes from traces, intron patterns, resolving indels, trimming sequences]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_ancestral_sequences|Ancestral sequence reconstruction for ciliary opsins]]
* [http://genomewiki.ucsc.edu/index.php/Opsin_evolution:_trichromatic_ancestral_mammal Color vision in the platypus and ancestral mammal]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_LWS_PhyloSNPs|LWS: generating locus for imaging opsins]]
* [http://genomewiki.ucsc.edu/index.php/Opsin_evolution:_update_blog Tracking significant updates (this page)]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_Encephalopsin_gene_loss|Encephalopsin and TMT: massive gene loss in mammalian clades]]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_Melanopsin_gene_loss|Melanopsins show gene and exon loss in mammals]]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_RGR_phyloSNPs|RGR opsin: abrupt change in DRY motif in boreoeutheres]]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_Peropsin_phyloSNPs|Peropsin: phyloSNPs (synapomorphies) in persopsin evolution]]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_Neuropsin_phyloSNPs|Neuropsin (OPN5): 52 deuterostome genes and a novel paralog, Newropsin]]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_trichromatic_ancestral_mammal|Color vision in the platypus and ancestral mammal]]
* [[Opsins_underground|Opsins and cryptochromes in a subterranean mammal]]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_Cytoplasmic_face|The cytoplasmic face of opsins and GPCR specificity]]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_RBP3_(IRBP)|IRBP Interstitial retinol-binding protein modules]]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_RPE65|RPE65 rate-limiting step in ciliary opsin regeneration]]
* [[USH2A_SNPs|Usherin USH2A roles in vision and hearing]]
* [[CDH23_SNPs|Cadherin CDH23 roles in vision and hearing]]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_transducins|Transducins: comparative genomics of opsin interactions]]
* [[Opsin_evolution:_annotation_tricks|Annotation tricks: genes from trace reads, intron patterns, resolving indels, trimming]]
* Tracking significant updates (this page)
* The photoreceptor fossil record (planned)
* The photoreceptor fossil record (planned)
* Subscholarly opsin literature and defective evolutionary inference (planned)
* <span style="color: #990099;">Opsin evolution: the bottom line (in progress)</span>
* <span style="color: #990099;">Opsin evolution: the bottom line (in progress)</span>
* Comparative genomics of other eye developmental and structural genes (volunteers needed)
<pre>Reverse Chronological Update Blog


14 Mar 08: new section on neuropsin comparative genomics  
[[Image:TMTsurvivors.png]]
07 Mar 08: new section on peropsin synapomorphies
Reverse Chronological Update Blog
20 Feb 08: new section on RGR: clade-defining changes (phyoSNPs), gene loss in marsupial
10 Jan 08: added Tribolium critter section on opsin loss, ommitidia cell gain, non-opsin GPCR content.
14 Apr 12: released major article on [[Cryptochrome_evolution|cryptochrome evolution]], relationships with opsins, with 275 curated [[Cryptochrome_refSeqs|reference sequences]]
09 Jan 08: posted paraphyletic gene tree explanation for 'too many' opsins in Daphnia, Nematostella, and Cladonema:  
15 Feb 12: started new article on opsins of an [[Opsins_underground|underground mammal]], naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber)
opsins duplicated, diverged, neofunctionalized to non-opsin non-photoreceptors nesting within opsins.
30 Dec 11: first nematode opsins located in [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_(ecdysozoa)#Nematodes_..._3_opsins|Strongyloides]]
30 Sep 11: the earliest opsins -- added two full-length [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_(cnidaria)|ctenophore opsins]] with '''introns''' from Mnemiopsis assembly
13 Aug 11: [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_(cnidaria)#Anthozoa:_Acropora_digitifera_.28stony_coral.29_.._13_opsins|first introns]] found in cnidarian opsins (new coral genome, Acropora digitifera)
06 Mar 11: RH7 transcripts found in [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28ecdysozoa%29#Hexapoda:_Drosophila_melanogaster_.28fruitfly.29_.._7_opsins|butterfly antenna]] -- new anatomical structure?
02 Mar 11: First [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28deuterostomes%29#Snakes:_Python_molarus_.28python.29_.._11_opsins|snake genome]] has 11 opsins but 8 are lost
06 Oct 10: [[Opsin_evolution:_Neuropsin_phyloSNPs#NEUR4:_11_vertebrate_newwopsins|new opsin]] surfaces in non-amniote vertebrates -- a neuropsin related to NEUR4 in zebrafish and frog
26 Aug 10: first ctenophore opsin now [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28cnidaria%29#Ctenophora:_Pleurobrachia_pileus_.28sea_gooseberry.29_.._2_opsins|extendable to full length]]; second ctenophore opsin surfaces
03 Jul 10: analyzed the five opsins in the new [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28ecdysozoa%29#Hexapoda:_Atta_cephalotes_.28ant.29_.._5_opsins|leafcutter ant genome]], Atta cephalotes
06 Jun 10: the [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28cnidaria%29#Porifera:_Amphimedon_queenslandica_.28sponge.29_.._1_opsin|first sponge opsin]] in unassembled traces proves to be a Lottia contaminant
05 Apr 10: collected assembled salamander transcripts for [[Opsin_evolution:_trichromatic_ancestral_mammal#Opsin_454_transcripts_of_salamander_Ambystoma_tigrinum|12 opsin loci]] from a 454 project; amphibians remain poorly sampled
29 Mar 10: analyzed and classified the 41 'opsins' in the new Hydra genome -- all have lysine at 296 but lack full DRY
24 Mar 10: spellchecked the entire suite of articles (503 pages), fixing many many typos
02 Feb 10: analyzed comparative genomics of the F CWxP [[Opsin_evolution:_ancestral_sequences#The_aromatic_rotameric_lock_of_TM5-TM6_in_opsin_evolution|aromatic lock]] between TM6-TM7
27 Jan 10: added section on [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28ecdysozoa%29|Bombyx genome]] and its five opsins
21 Jan 10: greatly improved fasta header lines in the 456 reference sequences using [[Opsin_evolution#Curated_opsin_reference_sequences|space-delimited database format]], facilitating subset selection.
18 Jan 10: queried [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/327/5963/343 new Nasonia genomes] but these were uninformative -- too close to existing Nasonia vitripennis
17 Jan 10: queried [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28ecdysozoa%29#Chelicerata:_Varroa_destructor_.28bee_mite.29_1_opsin|new chelicerate genome]] (Varroa bee mite) for opsins, finding only a peropsin-like fragment
 
14 Jan 10: snazzy new graphic shows gain and loss at 24 opsin loci during deuterostome history, vindicating 1942 GL Walls hypothesis
13 Jan 10: added section about 'managing' [[Opsin_evolution:_ancestral_introns#Managing_homoplasy_in_intron_data|homoplasy]] of indels, introns and diagnostic residues
12 Jan 10: defined the [[Opsin_evolution:_ancestral_introns#Ancestral_introns|intronation required]] of a GPCR gene to be parental to an opsin family
11 Jan 10: showed longwave opsin introns in arthropods form a [[Opsin_evolution:_ancestral_introns#Ancestral_melanopsin_intronation|distinct yet early coalescing]] melanopsin class
10 Jan 10: established using introns that peropsin, rgropsin and neuropsins [[Opsin_evolution:_ancestral_introns#Ancestral_peropsin.2C_neuropsin_and_RGRopsin_intronation|form a family]] that excludes cilopsins and melanopsins
09 Jan 10: proved arthropod UV opsins are [[Opsin_evolution:_ancestral_introns#Ancestral_melanopsin_intronation|orthologous]] to vertebrate melanopsin
08 Jan 10: improved methods and big update to [[Opsin_evolution:_ancestral_introns#Ancestral_ciliary_opsin_intronation|ancestral introns]] of ciliary opsins
29 Dec 09: discovered a new ur-opsin locus TMTc ranging from fish to frog but lacking transcripts and experiments
27 Dec 09: provided page crosslinks to allow faster navigation between related topics
26 Dec 09: added [[Opsin_evolution:_orgins_of_opsins#Vertebrate_ciliary_opsins|flanking synteny]] to ciliary opsins to sort out gene duplication origins
23 Dec 09: sought informative indels by aligning GPCR and proxy opsins in the [[Opsin_evolution:_informative_indels#Indels_in_the_TM4-EC2-TM5_region|retinal lid]] region (second extracellular loop)
21 Dec 09: extended ur-opsin TMTa into frog and lizard but found [[Opsin_evolution:_Encephalopsin_gene_loss|decayed syntenic pseudogenes]] in chicken, finch and platypus
19 Dec 09: began new section on [[Opsin_evolution:_orgins_of_opsins|opsin origins]] from earlier GPCR
16 Dec 09: located a new moth ciliary opsin and fixed others; confirmed multiple lineage losses for ciliary opsins
15 Dec 09: located a second chelicerate peropsin in Ixodes; gene lost in crustacea and insects
09 Dec 09: reviewed first reported [[Opsin_evolution:_Peropsin_phyloSNPs#Invertebrate_peropsins|peropsin from ecdysozoa]]; reclassified peropsin gene family
08 Dec 09: located [[Opsin_evolution:_informative_indels#Indels_in_melanopsins:_TM2_region|ciliary ur-opsin]] of deuterostomes, new orthologs in frog and lizard, not birds or mammals
07 Dec 09: aligned 411 opsins in [[Opsin_evolution:_informative_indels#411_Opsins_aligned_in_TM2_region|rosetta stone region]] in TM2
02 Dec 09: major improvements to [[Opsin_evolution:_informative_indels|informative opsin indel]] section
30 Nov 09: alignment-based [[Opsin_evolution|refinement of reference sequence collection]] fixed annotation errors arising from assembly frameshifts
29 Nov 09: [[Opsin_evolution|added]] two new RGR sequences from tunicates and a new amphioxus melanopsin
02 Nov 09: a ciliary opsin from a [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28cnidaria%29#Anthozoa:_Anemonia_viridis_.28symbiotic_anemone.29_.._1_opsin|new cnidarian]]; revisited [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28deuterostomes%29#Hemichordata:_Saccoglossus_kowalevskii_.28acornworm.29_.._2_peropsins|acorn worm opsins]] using newly released assembly
05 Sep 09: comparative genomics applied to potential disease SNPs of [[USH2A_SNPs|USH2A]] and [[CDH23_SNPs|CDH25]]
20 Aug 09: new section on molecular commonalities of hearing and vision genes such as [[CDH23_SNPs|PCDH15 and CDH25]]
05 Aug 09: added section on fibronectin domains of [[USH2A_SNPs|Usher Syndrome]] components USH2A and GPR98
23 Jul 09: [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28lophotrochozoa%29#Platyhelminthes:_Schistosoma_mansoni.2Fjaponicum_.28trematode.29_.._3_opsins|revisited]] platyhelminthes opsins in view of newly published Schistosoma genome articles
29 Jun 09: found and characterized the [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28cnidaria%29#Ctenophora:_Pleurobrachia_pileus_.28sea_gooseberry.29_.._1_opsin|first ctenophore opsin]]
28 Jun 09: separated [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28ecdysozoa%29|ecdysozoa]] and [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28lophotrochozoa%29|lophotrochozoa]] articles
27 Jun 09: interaction of opsin cytoplasmic loop C2 and C3 [[Opsin_evolution:_transducins#Structure.2Ffunction_of_signalling:_the_G.CE.B1_interaction_with_opsins|co-evolution]] with transducin GNAT1
25 Jun 09: updated [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28protostomes%29#Ecdysozoa:_79_opsins|arthropod melanopsins]] and their opsin diagnostics; data gap in myriapods, onychophorans, tardigrades
21 Jun 09: updated section on Ciona opsins and their photoreceptors
19 Jun 09: located 6 opsins in [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28protostomes%29#Hexapoda:_Acyrthosiphon_pisum_.28pea_aphid.29_.._6_opsins|aphid genome]] including Rh7 ortholog
18 Jun 09: recovered complete ciliary opsin and second UV opsin from [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28protostomes%29#Panarthropoda:_Rhodnius_prolixus_.28kissing_bug.29_.._2_opsins|new Rhodnia assembly]]
17 Jun 09: comparative genomics of [[Opsin_evolution:_Cytoplasmic_face#The_third_cytoplasmic_loop_in_83_melanopsins|3rd cytoplasmic loop]] in melanopsins
16 Jun 09: new section on drosophila opsins focused on [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28protostomes%29#Panarthropoda:_Drosophila_melanogaster_.28fruitfly.29_.._7_opsins|'anatomical orphan' RH7]]
14 Jun 09: updated [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28protostomes%29#Chelicerata:_Ixodes_scapularis_.28tick.29_2_opsins|Chelicerate opsins]], fixed Daphnia gene models, sought Pycnogonida and Onychophora data
10 Jun 09: new section on opsins of [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28protostomes%29#Ecdysozoa_.._opsin_repertoire_of_the_last_common_ancestor|ancestral Ecdysozoan]], K90 diagnostic of arthropod ultraviolet vision
19 May 09: analyzed [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28cnidaria%29#Anthozoa:_Acropora_millepora_.28stony_coral.29_.._1_opsin|new melanopsin]] from Acropora (coral) transcriptome project
17 May 09: found [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28deuterostomes%29#Cephalochordata:_Branchiostoma_.28amphioxus.29_.._11_opsins|new ciliary opsin]] in Branchiostoma, improved and reclassified the 11 opsins of cephalochordates
09 May 09: hagfish opsins: analyzed their [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28deuterostomes%29#Chordate:_Eptatretus_burgeri_.28hagfish.29_.._0_opsins|potential impacts]] on understanding vertebrate vision evolution
08 May 09: documented a [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28deuterostomes%29#Urochordata:_Ciona_intestinalis_.28tunicate.29_.._5_opsins|diverged tunicate melanopsin]] with transcript support using K-rhodopsin searching
26 Mar 09: evolutionary analysis of lamprey and amphioxus [[Opsin_evolution:_RBP3_%28IRBP%29|IRBP modules]] (interstitial retinol-binding protein RBP3) 
07 Feb 09: integrated sitewide important [[Opsin_evolution:_key_critters_%28deuterostomes%29#Chondrichthyes:_Callorhinchus_milii_.28elephantshark.29_.._17_opsins|new chondricthyean sequences]] for RHO2, LWS1, and LWS2
05 Feb 09: finished massive [[Opsin_evolution:_Cytoplasmic_face#The_carboxy-terminal_tail_and_VxPx_motif|comparison of cytoplasmic tails]] of all opsin loci
29 Jan 09: discovered [[Opsin_evolution:_Neuropsin_phyloSNPs#NEUR4:_a_fourth_neuropsin_from_lamprey_to_platypus|yet another neuropsin]] NEUR4 that ranges from lamprey to platypus
18 Jan 09: began massive comparative genomic page on structure of [[Opsin_evolution:_Cytoplasmic_face|opsin cytoplasmic faces and Galpha determinants]]
06 Jan 09: began new page on [[Opsin_evolution:_RPE65|origin of RPE65]] and its two paralogs BCMO1 and BCO2 (carotenoid processing)
21 Nov 08: added structural comparison of A2a adenosine receptor binding and DRY region
07 Nov 08: considered implication for opsins of new KH Ciona assembly which corrected 5,109 genes
06 Nov 08: added second hemichordate peropsin using new EST release
08 Sep 08: added duplication history and reference sequences for transducins (alpha subunits of heteromeric G proteins)
27 Aug 08: added choanoflagellate genome, no opsins but Gi and Gq class heteromeric G proteins
26 Aug 08: compiled 16 Nematostella non-opsins yet with lysine in retinal position
25 Aug 08: reviewed placozoan genome project and 4 opsins asserted for it
20 Aug 08: added opsins from Rhodnius genome project (traces only)
12 Aug 08: reviewed exciting new developments in cnidarian (Tripedalia) ciliary opsins and transducin binding site
08 Aug 08: recovered very old SWS2 unprocessed pseudogene in Petromyzon (lamprey) and updated key critter article
01 Aug 08: recovered SWS1 unprocessed pseudogene from Petromyzon marinus (lamprey) genome
30 Jul 08: expanded RHO2 collection to 8 teleost fish and one exon from RHO2 of chondrichthyes; lamprey RHO1/2 still muddled
29 Jul 08: evolution of upstream RORB and CRX control regions for LWS and SWS1
28 Jul 08: control region section for LWS; recovered LCR_LWS orthologs for 35 species spanning lamprey to human
27 Jul 08: new echidna data for monotreme opsin evolution; gene tree x species tree showing regressive mammalian opsin evolution
20 Apr 08: revisited LWS in many more species; expanded ancestral SWS2+ LWS+ linkage species
13 Apr 08: special section on melanopsins in vertebrates: gene loss of MEL2 and gene shrinkage in MEL1
06 Apr 08: expanded TMT class of encephalopsins to 14 species, shark to marsupial, showed lost in all placentals
05 Apr 08: demonstrated massive gene loss of mammalian encephalopsins and placental TMT opsins
27 Mar 08: upgraded lamprey larval section and brought opsin collection to 17 (in 11 orthology classes)
23 Mar 08: new section aligning 94 LWS and analyzing its PhyloSNPs
17 Mar 08: discovery of a novel opsin occuring from sharks to birds, lost in mammals: newropsin
14 Mar 08: new section on neuropsin comparative genomics  
07 Mar 08: new section on peropsin synapomorphies
20 Feb 08: new section on RGR: clade-defining changes (phyoSNPs), gene loss in marsupial
10 Jan 08: added Tribolium critter section on opsin loss, ommitidia cell gain, non-opsin GPCR content.
09 Jan 08: posted paraphyletic gene tree explanation for 'too many' opsins in Daphnia, Nematostella, and Cladonema:  
opsins duplicated, diverged, neofunctionalized to non-opsin non-photoreceptors nesting within opsins.
08 Jan 08: added key critter section on hydrozoan Cladonema putative opsins.
07 Jan 08: added ancient intron discussion for melanopsins.
05 Jan 08: finished ancient intron section for peropsin group.
04 Jan 08: added new key critters section for hydrozoan Cladonema radiatum,
03 Jan 08: made comparative conservation profile for 54 new cnidarian opsins proposed by Gehring group.
02 Jan 08: added comparative genomics of RGR because of curious loss of DRY motif in boreoeutheres.
31 Dec 07: posted fullscale comparison of ciliary opsin introns
29 Dec 07: extracted scattered elements of the binding pocket for comparative genomic covariance study.
28 Dec 07: added new discussion on peropsins as more than mere photoisomerases and in need of subfamily refinement.
27 Dec 07: recovered new Aplysia and Lottia peropsins orthologous to experimentally studied squid 'retinochrome'.
26 Dec 07: started new page on coding indels and completely rewrote main introductory page.
25 Dec 07: added key critters section for human body louse and its 3 rhabdomeric opsins.
24 Dec 07: fixed arrestin quasi-cognate section and proposed bioinformatic approach to unstudied opsin/arrestin pairs
23 Dec 07: added alignment of C-terminus and comparative genomics of phosphorylation sites vis-a-vis arrestins
22 Dec 07: upgraded alignment of all opsin sequences, trimmed at one or both ends, color consensus and motif searchable.
21 Dec 07: added an annotation trick that allows trimming and residue selection from the reference opsin set.
20 Dec 07: added comparative genomics discussion of counterion and its switching.
19 Dec 07: added greatly to opsin structure/function in ancient sequence section to explain conserved diagnostic motifs.
18 Dec 07: began new page on ancestral ciliary opsin sequence reconstruction.
17 Dec 07: added new ciliary opsins from Daphnia, Tribolium, Aedes, and Culex genomes.
16 Dec 07; began new page on ancestral ciliary opsin intron pattern.
14 Dec 07: upgraded sponge photoreceptor account, found final exon of new Platynereis ciliary exon.
13 Dec 07: extended JGI staff models of 3 intronless ciliary encephalopsins from Nematostella to full length.
12 Dec 07: added Nematostella and Hydra sections awaiting clarification.
11 Dec 07: finished larval and adult photoreception in Ciona.
10 Dec 07: expanded section on Ciona to include possible otolith paralogous photoreceptor.
09 Dec 07: added a treatment of two tunicate pinopsin-like opsins and their ancient introns.
08 Dec 07: added a section on intron cross-comparison to the annotation tutorial.
08 Dec 07: added treatment of two platyhelminthes to Lophotrochozoa area.
07 Dec 07: added 2 trematode and 1 planaria opsins, exon pattern matches melanopsin.
06 Dec 07: added cnidarian larval rhabdomeric single-cell eye and adult rhopalium imagery.
05 Dec 07: added Capitella literature survey and a new melanopsin from genome assembly.
04 Dec 07: added Helobedella literature survey and new opsins from genome assembly.
03 Dec 07: added Lottia, reviewed genome assembly, found an opsin but could not locate anything on ocelli.
02 Dec 07: added Aplysia eye anatomy and apparent melanopsin ortholog to key critters.
29 Nov 07: added platynereis story to critters, described second new ciliary opsin.
29 Nov 07: added graphics comparing eye systems in deuts and lophs, illustrated everse and inverse eyes.
29 Nov 07: added sea urchin opsins to critter discussion, graphic of expression in larva and adult.
29 Nov 07: added 6 sea urchin reference opsins by repairing gene models, adding introns, and reclassifying.
28 Nov 07: added Xenoturbella and Convoluta section to basal key critters, no opsins available.
28 Nov 07: upgraded key critters with treatment of Saccoglossus.
28 Nov 07: found first hemichordate opsin, put methods into detailed tutorial.
28 Nov 07: received copywrite permissions for use of handdrawn invertebrate eyes illustrations.
28 Nov 07: added jump navigation to key critters as article is getting fairly long.
27 Nov 07: added scallop Go opsins from an important historic study.
27 Nov 07: reorganized curated sequences into deuterostome, ecdysozoa, lophotrochozoa blocks sorted by receptor type.


08 Jan 08: added key critter section on hydrozoan Cladonema putative opsins.
            site visits:                 2008                            2009                          2010              2011                  2012        2014
07 Jan 08: added ancient intron discussion for melanopsins.
#pages  topic            22 Apr  12 May  29 Jul  4 Sep  4 Nov 3 Jan 8 Feb  26 Mar 2 Jun  5 Sep  8 Dec  6 Mar 6 Jun 13 Sep 21 Jan 22 May  7 Sep  2 Jan 18 May 18 Apr
05 Jan 08: finished ancient intron section for peropsin group.
47      main              814      896    1076    1227  1706  1919  2123  2380  2693  3128  3561  4181  4570  4938  5418  6091    6798  7510  9171  23391
04 Jan 08: added new key critters section for hydrozoan Cladonema radiatum,
14      key.deuterostomes    0        0    107    170    250  385  447    631    907  1104  1460  1680  1835  2073  2377  2720    3222  3718  4942  18253
03 Jan 08: made comparative conservation profile for 54 new cnidarian opsins proposed by Gehring group.
32      key.ecdysozoa    1106    1207    1279    1351  1492  1685  1766  2009  2324    98    245    430  603  855  1121  1471    1877  2242  3398  9232
 
11      key.lophotrochozoa  0        0      0      0      0    0    0      0      0    121    305    432  621  794  1071  1376    1721  2020  2783  5582
02 Jan 08: added comparative genomics of RGR because of curious loss of DRY motif in boreoeutheres.
25     key.cnidaria        0        0      0    120    209  320  391    515    731    974  1304  1562  1961  2316  2835  3505    4246  5210  6994  25284
31 Dec 07: posted fullscale comparison of ciliary opsin introns
04      opsin.origins        0        0      0      0      0    0    0      0      0      0      0    294  524  761  1056  1395    1691  2085  3094  8306
29 Dec 07: extracted scattered elements of the binding pocket for comparative genomic covariance study.
08      alignment         231      256    304    324    380  429  475    555    636    731    872    966  1086  1237  1423  1593    1811  1963  2341  3696
28 Dec 07: added new discussion on peropsins as more than mere photoisomerases and in need of subfamily refinement.
10      introns            180      202    252    274    340  396  455    548    637    777    980  1203  1435  1674  1891  2188    2485  2708  3556  8080
27 Dec 07: recovered new Aplysia and Lottia peropsins orthologous to experimentally studied squid 'retinochrome'.
02      indels              97      118    157    179    227  284  322    405    521    634    829  1070  1315  1505  1719  2060    2317  2615  3145  5949
 
11      ancestral         247      269    318    351    414  476  520    628    765    901  1109  1267  1452  1649  1853  2139    2420  2683  3167  5789
26 Dec 07: started new page on coding indels and completely rewrote main introductory page.
24      LWS                68      104    169    218    291  338  409    548    665    825  1045  1194  1330  1559  1791  2098    2571  2968  3758  8390
25 Dec 07: added key critters section for human body louse and its 3 rhabdomeric opsins.
12      encephalopsin      67      110    181    216    286  350  454    625    842  1030  1289  1468  1762  1997  2303  2594    2867  3100  3655  5761
24 Dec 07: fixed arrestin quasi-cognate section and proposed bioinformatic approach to unstudied opsin/arrestin pairs
13      melanopsin          24      70    132    160    207  244  317    424    540    651    802    913  1055  1214  1398  1637    1913  2091  2659  4790
23 Dec 07: added alignment of C-terminus and comparative genomics of phosphorylation sites vis-a-vis arrestins
13     RGR.phyloSNPs      98      120    181    200    259  299  528    662    822    983  1178  1339  1532  1728  1995  2275    2639  2915  3810  7457
22 Dec 07: upgraded alignment of all opsin sequences, trimmed at one or both ends, color consensus and motif searchable.
16      peropsin            89      117    174    195    254  332  381    461    573    710    891  1072  1244  1444  1691  1965    2216  2493  3045  6830
 
15      neuropsin          83      102    164    188    225  264  390    471    558    672    903  1097  1227  1467  1759  1985    2247  2471  3192  9972
21 Dec 07: added an annotation trick that allows trimming and residue selection from the reference opsin set.
08      platypus          290      338    488    574    743  868  978  1123  1324  1484  1743  1962  2300  2527  2889  3342    3790  4234  4990  8138
20 Dec 07: added comparative genomics discussion of counterion and its switching.
06      tricks            169      191    304    343    396  468  530    631    769    938  1253  1438  1622  1854  2113  2365    2697  3072  3950  7907
19 Dec 07: added greatly to opsin structure/function in ancient sequence section to explain conserved diagnostic motifs.
27      cytoplasmic.face    0        0      0      0      0    0    91    132    277    445    670    814  977  1150  1346  1572    1861  2137  2864  6526
18 Dec 07: began new page on ancestral ciliary opsin sequence reconstruction.
41      RPE.BCO2.BCMO1      0        0      0      0      0    0    85    163    261    447    592    691  869  993  1197  1461    1687  1839  2436  4978
17 Dec 07: added new ciliary opsins from Daphnia, Tribolium, Aedes, and Culex genomes.
20      IRBP.(RBP3)          0        0      0      0      0    0    0    339    772    968  1202  1310  1493  1643  1840  2053    2368  2679  3164  5183
 
20      CDH23                0        0      0      0      0    0    0      0      0    162    326    474  709  945  1211  1741    2085  2490  3296  11970
16 Dec 07; began new page on ancestral ciliary opsin intron pattern.
28      USH2A                0        0      0      0      0    0    0      0      0    222    364    480  702  911  1178  1537    1830  2133  2900  5880
14 Dec 07: upgraded sponge photoreceptor account, found final exon of new Platynereis ciliary exon.
17      transducins          0        0      0      0    148  468  378    509    674    918  1164  1345  1538  1802  2063  2402    2722  2976  3437  5455
13 Dec 07: extended JGI staff models of 3 intronless ciliary encephalopsins from Nematostella to full length.
31      underground          0        0      0      0      0    0    0      0      0      0      0      0    0    0      0      0      0      1    782  7069
12 Dec 07: added Nematostella and Hydra sections awaiting clarification.
03     blog              1178    1329    1798    2158  2610  3179  3412  3960  4599  5436  6211  7002  7860  9107  10354  11987  13540  15422  18726  36975
11 Dec 07: finished larval and adult photoreception in Ciona.
532    total            4741    5429    7084    8248  10437 12579 14219  17719  21890  26683  30298  35684 41640 48143  55892  65552  75621  85774 109255 275661
 
...     visits.per.day      31      34      22      31    36    39    49    74    61    50yr  38    61    65    66    69    80    102  87yr    173    ...
10 Dec 07: expanded section on Ciona to include possible otolith paralogous photoreceptor.
09 Dec 07: added a treatment of two tunicate pinopsin-like opsins and their ancient introns.
08 Dec 07: added a section on intron cross-comparison to the annotation tutorial.
08 Dec 07: added treatment of two platyhelminthes to Lophotrochozoa area.
07 Dec 07: added 2 trematode and 1 planaria opsins, exon pattern matches melanopsin.
 
06 Dec 07: added cnidarian larval rhabdomeric single-cell eye and adult rhopalium imagery.
05 Dec 07: added Capitella literature survey and a new melanopsin from genome assembly.
04 Dec 07: added Helobedella literature survey and new opsins from genome assembly.
03 Dec 07: added Lottia, reviewed genome assembly, found an opsin but could not locate anything on ocelli.
02 Dec 07: added Aplysia eye anatomy and apparent melanopsin ortholog to key critters.
 
29 Nov 07: added platynereis story to critters, described second new ciliary opsin.
29 Nov 07: added graphics comparing eye systems in deuts and lophs, illustrated everse and inverse eyes.
29 Nov 07: added sea urchin opsins to critter discussion, graphic of expression in larva and adult.
29 Nov 07: added 6 sea urchin reference opsins by repairing gene models, adding introns, and reclassifying.
28 Nov 07: added Xenoturbella and Convoluta section to basal key critters, no opsins available.
 
28 Nov 07: upgraded key critters with treatment of Saccoglossus.
28 Nov 07: found first hemichordate opsin, put methods into detailed tutorial.
28 Nov 07: received copywrite permissions for use of handdrawn invertebrate eyes illustrations.
28 Nov 07: added jump navigation to key critters as article is getting fairly long.
27 Nov 07: added scallop Go opsins from an important historic study.
27 Nov 07: reorganized curated sequences into deuterostome, ecdysozoa, lophotrochozoa blocks sorted by receptor type.
</pre>


[[Category:Comparative Genomics]]
[[Category:Comparative Genomics]]

Latest revision as of 20:49, 19 April 2014

This large collection of opsin evolution articles is updated almost daily. To locate changes, consult the article directory and update blog below.

TMTsurvivors.png

Reverse Chronological Update Blog

14 Apr 12: released major article on cryptochrome evolution, relationships with opsins, with 275 curated reference sequences
15 Feb 12: started new article on opsins of an underground mammal, naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber)

30 Dec 11: first nematode opsins located in Strongyloides
30 Sep 11: the earliest opsins -- added two full-length ctenophore opsins with introns from Mnemiopsis assembly
13 Aug 11: first introns found in cnidarian opsins (new coral genome, Acropora digitifera) 
06 Mar 11: RH7 transcripts found in butterfly antenna -- new anatomical structure?
02 Mar 11: First snake genome has 11 opsins but 8 are lost

06 Oct 10: new opsin surfaces in non-amniote vertebrates -- a neuropsin related to NEUR4 in zebrafish and frog
26 Aug 10: first ctenophore opsin now extendable to full length; second ctenophore opsin surfaces
03 Jul 10: analyzed the five opsins in the new leafcutter ant genome, Atta cephalotes
06 Jun 10: the first sponge opsin in unassembled traces proves to be a Lottia contaminant
05 Apr 10: collected assembled salamander transcripts for 12 opsin loci from a 454 project; amphibians remain poorly sampled
29 Mar 10: analyzed and classified the 41 'opsins' in the new Hydra genome -- all have lysine at 296 but lack full DRY
24 Mar 10: spellchecked the entire suite of articles (503 pages), fixing many many typos
02 Feb 10: analyzed comparative genomics of the F CWxP aromatic lock between TM6-TM7
27 Jan 10: added section on Bombyx genome and its five opsins
21 Jan 10: greatly improved fasta header lines in the 456 reference sequences using space-delimited database format, facilitating subset selection.
18 Jan 10: queried new Nasonia genomes but these were uninformative -- too close to existing Nasonia vitripennis 
17 Jan 10: queried new chelicerate genome (Varroa bee mite) for opsins, finding only a peropsin-like fragment
 
14 Jan 10: snazzy new graphic shows gain and loss at 24 opsin loci during deuterostome history, vindicating 1942 GL Walls hypothesis
13 Jan 10: added section about 'managing' homoplasy of indels, introns and diagnostic residues
12 Jan 10: defined the intronation required of a GPCR gene to be parental to an opsin family 
11 Jan 10: showed longwave opsin introns in arthropods form a distinct yet early coalescing melanopsin class
10 Jan 10: established using introns that peropsin, rgropsin and neuropsins form a family that excludes cilopsins and melanopsins
09 Jan 10: proved arthropod UV opsins are orthologous to vertebrate melanopsin
08 Jan 10: improved methods and big update to ancestral introns of ciliary opsins 

29 Dec 09: discovered a new ur-opsin locus TMTc ranging from fish to frog but lacking transcripts and experiments
27 Dec 09: provided page crosslinks to allow faster navigation between related topics
26 Dec 09: added flanking synteny to ciliary opsins to sort out gene duplication origins
23 Dec 09: sought informative indels by aligning GPCR and proxy opsins in the retinal lid region (second extracellular loop)
21 Dec 09: extended ur-opsin TMTa into frog and lizard but found decayed syntenic pseudogenes in chicken, finch and platypus
19 Dec 09: began new section on opsin origins from earlier GPCR
16 Dec 09: located a new moth ciliary opsin and fixed others; confirmed multiple lineage losses for ciliary opsins

15 Dec 09: located a second chelicerate peropsin in Ixodes; gene lost in crustacea and insects
09 Dec 09: reviewed first reported peropsin from ecdysozoa; reclassified peropsin gene family
08 Dec 09: located ciliary ur-opsin of deuterostomes, new orthologs in frog and lizard, not birds or mammals
07 Dec 09: aligned 411 opsins in rosetta stone region in TM2
02 Dec 09: major improvements to informative opsin indel section

30 Nov 09: alignment-based refinement of reference sequence collection fixed annotation errors arising from assembly frameshifts
29 Nov 09: added two new RGR sequences from tunicates and a new amphioxus melanopsin 
02 Nov 09: a ciliary opsin from a new cnidarian; revisited acorn worm opsins using newly released assembly

05 Sep 09: comparative genomics applied to potential disease SNPs of USH2A and CDH25
20 Aug 09: new section on molecular commonalities of hearing and vision genes such as PCDH15 and CDH25
05 Aug 09: added section on fibronectin domains of Usher Syndrome components USH2A and GPR98
23 Jul 09: revisited platyhelminthes opsins in view of newly published Schistosoma genome articles

29 Jun 09: found and characterized the first ctenophore opsin
28 Jun 09: separated ecdysozoa and lophotrochozoa articles
27 Jun 09: interaction of opsin cytoplasmic loop C2 and C3 co-evolution with transducin GNAT1
25 Jun 09: updated arthropod melanopsins and their opsin diagnostics; data gap in myriapods, onychophorans, tardigrades
21 Jun 09: updated section on Ciona opsins and their photoreceptors
19 Jun 09: located 6 opsins in aphid genome including Rh7 ortholog
18 Jun 09: recovered complete ciliary opsin and second UV opsin from new Rhodnia assembly
17 Jun 09: comparative genomics of 3rd cytoplasmic loop in melanopsins
16 Jun 09: new section on drosophila opsins focused on 'anatomical orphan' RH7
14 Jun 09: updated Chelicerate opsins, fixed Daphnia gene models, sought Pycnogonida and Onychophora data
10 Jun 09: new section on opsins of ancestral Ecdysozoan, K90 diagnostic of arthropod ultraviolet vision 

19 May 09: analyzed new melanopsin from Acropora (coral) transcriptome project
17 May 09: found new ciliary opsin in Branchiostoma, improved and reclassified the 11 opsins of cephalochordates
09 May 09: hagfish opsins: analyzed their potential impacts on understanding vertebrate vision evolution
08 May 09: documented a diverged tunicate melanopsin with transcript support using K-rhodopsin searching
26 Mar 09: evolutionary analysis of lamprey and amphioxus IRBP modules (interstitial retinol-binding protein RBP3)  
07 Feb 09: integrated sitewide important new chondricthyean sequences for RHO2, LWS1, and LWS2
05 Feb 09: finished massive comparison of cytoplasmic tails of all opsin loci
29 Jan 09: discovered yet another neuropsin NEUR4 that ranges from lamprey to platypus
18 Jan 09: began massive comparative genomic page on structure of opsin cytoplasmic faces and Galpha determinants
06 Jan 09: began new page on origin of RPE65 and its two paralogs BCMO1 and BCO2 (carotenoid processing)

21 Nov 08: added structural comparison of A2a adenosine receptor binding and DRY region
07 Nov 08: considered implication for opsins of new KH Ciona assembly which corrected 5,109 genes
06 Nov 08: added second hemichordate peropsin using new EST release
08 Sep 08: added duplication history and reference sequences for transducins (alpha subunits of heteromeric G proteins)
27 Aug 08: added choanoflagellate genome, no opsins but Gi and Gq class heteromeric G proteins
26 Aug 08: compiled 16 Nematostella non-opsins yet with lysine in retinal position
25 Aug 08: reviewed placozoan genome project and 4 opsins asserted for it
20 Aug 08: added opsins from Rhodnius genome project (traces only)

12 Aug 08: reviewed exciting new developments in cnidarian (Tripedalia) ciliary opsins and transducin binding site
08 Aug 08: recovered very old SWS2 unprocessed pseudogene in Petromyzon (lamprey) and updated key critter article
01 Aug 08: recovered SWS1 unprocessed pseudogene from Petromyzon marinus (lamprey) genome
30 Jul 08: expanded RHO2 collection to 8 teleost fish and one exon from RHO2 of chondrichthyes; lamprey RHO1/2 still muddled
29 Jul 08: evolution of upstream RORB and CRX control regions for LWS and SWS1
28 Jul 08: control region section for LWS; recovered LCR_LWS orthologs for 35 species spanning lamprey to human
27 Jul 08: new echidna data for monotreme opsin evolution; gene tree x species tree showing regressive mammalian opsin evolution 

20 Apr 08: revisited LWS in many more species; expanded ancestral SWS2+ LWS+ linkage species
13 Apr 08: special section on melanopsins in vertebrates: gene loss of MEL2 and gene shrinkage in MEL1
06 Apr 08: expanded TMT class of encephalopsins to 14 species, shark to marsupial, showed lost in all placentals
05 Apr 08: demonstrated massive gene loss of mammalian encephalopsins and placental TMT opsins
27 Mar 08: upgraded lamprey larval section and brought opsin collection to 17 (in 11 orthology classes) 
23 Mar 08: new section aligning 94 LWS and analyzing its PhyloSNPs
17 Mar 08: discovery of a novel opsin occuring from sharks to birds, lost in mammals: newropsin

14 Mar 08: new section on neuropsin comparative genomics 
07 Mar 08: new section on peropsin synapomorphies
20 Feb 08: new section on RGR: clade-defining changes (phyoSNPs), gene loss in marsupial
10 Jan 08: added Tribolium critter section on opsin loss, ommitidia cell gain, non-opsin GPCR content.
09 Jan 08: posted paraphyletic gene tree explanation for 'too many' opsins in Daphnia, Nematostella, and Cladonema: 
opsins duplicated, diverged, neofunctionalized to non-opsin non-photoreceptors nesting within opsins.

08 Jan 08: added key critter section on hydrozoan Cladonema putative opsins.
07 Jan 08: added ancient intron discussion for melanopsins.
05 Jan 08: finished ancient intron section for peropsin group.
04 Jan 08: added new key critters section for hydrozoan Cladonema radiatum,
03 Jan 08: made comparative conservation profile for 54 new cnidarian opsins proposed by Gehring group.

02 Jan 08: added comparative genomics of RGR because of curious loss of DRY motif in boreoeutheres.
31 Dec 07: posted fullscale comparison of ciliary opsin introns
29 Dec 07: extracted scattered elements of the binding pocket for comparative genomic covariance study.
28 Dec 07: added new discussion on peropsins as more than mere photoisomerases and in need of subfamily refinement.
27 Dec 07: recovered new Aplysia and Lottia peropsins orthologous to experimentally studied squid 'retinochrome'.

26 Dec 07: started new page on coding indels and completely rewrote main introductory page.
25 Dec 07: added key critters section for human body louse and its 3 rhabdomeric opsins.
24 Dec 07: fixed arrestin quasi-cognate section and proposed bioinformatic approach to unstudied opsin/arrestin pairs
23 Dec 07: added alignment of C-terminus and comparative genomics of phosphorylation sites vis-a-vis arrestins 
22 Dec 07: upgraded alignment of all opsin sequences, trimmed at one or both ends, color consensus and motif searchable.

21 Dec 07: added an annotation trick that allows trimming and residue selection from the reference opsin set.
20 Dec 07: added comparative genomics discussion of counterion and its switching.
19 Dec 07: added greatly to opsin structure/function in ancient sequence section to explain conserved diagnostic motifs.
18 Dec 07: began new page on ancestral ciliary opsin sequence reconstruction.
17 Dec 07: added new ciliary opsins from Daphnia, Tribolium, Aedes, and Culex genomes.

16 Dec 07; began new page on ancestral ciliary opsin intron pattern.
14 Dec 07: upgraded sponge photoreceptor account, found final exon of new Platynereis ciliary exon.
13 Dec 07: extended JGI staff models of 3 intronless ciliary encephalopsins from Nematostella to full length.
12 Dec 07: added Nematostella and Hydra sections awaiting clarification.
11 Dec 07: finished larval and adult photoreception in Ciona.

10 Dec 07: expanded section on Ciona to include possible otolith paralogous photoreceptor.
09 Dec 07: added a treatment of two tunicate pinopsin-like opsins and their ancient introns.
08 Dec 07: added a section on intron cross-comparison to the annotation tutorial.
08 Dec 07: added treatment of two platyhelminthes to Lophotrochozoa area.
07 Dec 07: added 2 trematode and 1 planaria opsins, exon pattern matches melanopsin.

06 Dec 07: added cnidarian larval rhabdomeric single-cell eye and adult rhopalium imagery.
05 Dec 07: added Capitella literature survey and a new melanopsin from genome assembly.
04 Dec 07: added Helobedella literature survey and new opsins from genome assembly.
03 Dec 07: added Lottia, reviewed genome assembly, found an opsin but could not locate anything on ocelli.
02 Dec 07: added Aplysia eye anatomy and apparent melanopsin ortholog to key critters.

29 Nov 07: added platynereis story to critters, described second new ciliary opsin.
29 Nov 07: added graphics comparing eye systems in deuts and lophs, illustrated everse and inverse eyes.
29 Nov 07: added sea urchin opsins to critter discussion, graphic of expression in larva and adult.
29 Nov 07: added 6 sea urchin reference opsins by repairing gene models, adding introns, and reclassifying.
28 Nov 07: added Xenoturbella and Convoluta section to basal key critters, no opsins available.

28 Nov 07: upgraded key critters with treatment of Saccoglossus.
28 Nov 07: found first hemichordate opsin, put methods into detailed tutorial.
28 Nov 07: received copywrite permissions for use of handdrawn invertebrate eyes illustrations.
28 Nov 07: added jump navigation to key critters as article is getting fairly long.
27 Nov 07: added scallop Go opsins from an important historic study.
27 Nov 07: reorganized curated sequences into deuterostome, ecdysozoa, lophotrochozoa blocks sorted by receptor type.
            site visits:                 2008                             2009                           2010               2011                  2012         2014
#pages  topic             22 Apr  12 May  29 Jul  4 Sep  4 Nov 3 Jan  8 Feb  26 Mar 2 Jun  5 Sep  8 Dec  6 Mar 6 Jun 13 Sep 21 Jan 22 May  7 Sep  2 Jan 18 May 18 Apr
47      main               814      896    1076    1227   1706  1919  2123   2380   2693   3128   3561   4181  4570  4938   5418   6091    6798   7510   9171  23391
14      key.deuterostomes    0        0     107     170    250   385   447    631    907   1104   1460   1680  1835  2073   2377   2720    3222   3718   4942  18253
32      key.ecdysozoa     1106     1207    1279    1351   1492  1685  1766   2009   2324     98    245    430   603   855   1121   1471    1877   2242   3398   9232
11      key.lophotrochozoa   0        0       0       0      0     0     0      0      0    121    305    432   621   794   1071   1376    1721   2020   2783   5582
25      key.cnidaria         0        0       0     120    209   320   391    515    731    974   1304   1562  1961  2316   2835   3505    4246   5210   6994  25284
04      opsin.origins        0        0       0       0      0     0     0      0      0      0      0    294   524   761   1056   1395    1691   2085   3094   8306
08      alignment          231      256     304     324    380   429   475    555    636    731    872    966  1086  1237   1423   1593    1811   1963   2341   3696
10      introns            180      202     252     274    340   396   455    548    637    777    980   1203  1435  1674   1891   2188    2485   2708   3556   8080
02      indels              97      118     157     179    227   284   322    405    521    634    829   1070  1315  1505   1719   2060    2317   2615   3145   5949
11      ancestral          247      269     318     351    414   476   520    628    765    901   1109   1267  1452  1649   1853   2139    2420   2683   3167   5789
24      LWS                 68      104     169     218    291   338   409    548    665    825   1045   1194  1330  1559   1791   2098    2571   2968   3758   8390
12      encephalopsin       67      110     181     216    286   350   454    625    842   1030   1289   1468  1762  1997   2303   2594    2867   3100   3655   5761
13      melanopsin          24       70     132     160    207   244   317    424    540    651    802    913  1055  1214   1398   1637    1913   2091   2659   4790
13      RGR.phyloSNPs       98      120     181     200    259   299   528    662    822    983   1178   1339  1532  1728   1995   2275    2639   2915   3810   7457
16      peropsin            89      117     174     195    254   332   381    461    573    710    891   1072  1244  1444   1691   1965    2216   2493   3045   6830
15      neuropsin           83      102     164     188    225   264   390    471    558    672    903   1097  1227  1467   1759   1985    2247   2471   3192   9972
08      platypus           290      338     488     574    743   868   978   1123   1324   1484   1743   1962  2300  2527   2889   3342    3790   4234   4990   8138
06      tricks             169      191     304     343    396   468   530    631    769    938   1253   1438  1622  1854   2113   2365    2697   3072   3950   7907
27      cytoplasmic.face     0        0       0       0      0     0    91    132    277    445    670    814   977  1150   1346   1572    1861   2137   2864   6526
41      RPE.BCO2.BCMO1       0        0       0       0      0     0    85    163    261    447    592    691   869   993   1197   1461    1687   1839   2436   4978
20      IRBP.(RBP3)          0        0       0       0      0     0     0    339    772    968   1202   1310  1493  1643   1840   2053    2368   2679   3164   5183
20      CDH23                0        0       0       0      0     0     0      0      0    162    326    474   709   945   1211   1741    2085   2490   3296  11970
28      USH2A                0        0       0       0      0     0     0      0      0    222    364    480   702   911   1178   1537    1830   2133   2900   5880
17      transducins          0        0       0       0    148   468   378    509    674    918   1164   1345  1538  1802   2063   2402    2722   2976   3437   5455
31      underground          0        0       0       0      0     0     0      0      0      0      0      0     0     0      0      0       0      1    782   7069
03      blog              1178     1329    1798    2158   2610  3179  3412   3960   4599   5436   6211   7002  7860  9107  10354  11987   13540  15422  18726  36975
532     total             4741     5429    7084    8248  10437 12579 14219  17719  21890  26683  30298  35684 41640 48143  55892  65552   75621  85774 109255 275661
...     visits.per.day      31       34      22      31     36    39    49     74     61     50yr   38     61    65    66     69     80     102   87yr    173    ...